Yorubaland and The Indus Valley Civilization: The Cradle of Civilization?

Image I (Left): Priest, Warrior King and Orisha Oduduwa of the Ife (Yoruba) Kingdom (Yorubaland: Present-day Southwest Nigeria, a smaller part of Benin Republic, and still a smaller part of Togo Republic, West Africa)

Image II (Right): Mamoon Mengal’s picture of the “Priest King” sculpture from the Mohenjo-Daro site. (Indus Valley Civilization: Present-day Western India and Pakistan, South Asia)

The civilizations of Yorubaland (West Africa) and the Indus Valley Civilization (South Asia) are older than previously thought, according to scholars and all evidence from archaeological and allied research. Based on recent discoveries of these ancient sites and regions in Africa and Asia, there was reason to believe that Yorubaland and the Indus Valley Civilization may be at least 8,000 years old. This would also mean that Yorubaland and the Indus Valley Civilization predate other civilizations that have been mentioned as the cradle of civilization.

Modern scientists, and researchers in human genetic history are now saying that the earliest human genes in the world have been found in Yorubaland. The geo-cultural space contains an estimated 55 million people, with most of this population being ethnic "Yoruba" spanning three countries in present-day Nigeria, and Benin and Togo Republics during the modern era. The Yoruba owned and held their homeland and developed on it from age to age the highest level of civilization in tropical Africa below the Sahara. During the ancient world, the Indus Valley people are known as "Harappans," and the Indus Valley Civilization covered a vast area, with an overall population of over 5 million people in present-day Western India and Pakistan. Archaeologists have already uncovered 53 communities in the Indus Valley Civilization, ranging in size from massive and complex cities, and the Harappans also developed the Indus script.

Yorubaland and the Indus Valley Civilization accomplished much during the ancient world. For example, the Yoruba people of Yorubaland are one of the most urbanized peoples in the world, because Yorubaland had many cities and towns as early as the 11th and 12th centuries. Most of the Yoruba cities and towns were also walled, and the Yoruba are also responsible for great works of engineering, like the Yoruba Ijebu-Ode city wall, which was described by modern researchers as one of the greatest man-made structures of the ancient world. In Yoruba cities and towns, they evolved a sophisticated monarchical system of government, whose governing elites established detailed institutions.

The Harappans were skilled planners and builders, because the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro appeared to have been the administrative centers of the empire, and displayed complex designs with wide grid roads, with shops and restaurants lined in order, citadels, granaries, the Great Bath, and large homes were two or more stories high. The Indus Valley homes also had plumbing, heated baths and fresh drinking water was supplied by a network of over 700 unique wells.

According to African American Historian Wayne B. Chandler, in addition to the trash chutes, each household of the Indus Valley Civilization had bathrooms with drains which carried waste to the sewers under the main streets, and almost every dwelling had its own private well from which fresh water was drawn. The Harappans may have had the first sanitation system with a thorough drainage system to remove sewage. The ancient city of Harappa had an intricate and well-designed sanitation and drainage system which was much more sophisticated than anything found in contemporary cities in Mesopotamia and Egypt. The ancient city Mohenjo-Daro also had a magnificent hydraulic system, which was so far ahead of its time that it would only be surpassed thousands of years later by the network of aqueducts in Rome during the 3rd century CE.

Peace; Not War during the Medieval and Ancient World

The country of the Yoruba people (Yorubaland). The Yoruba country consisted of present-day Southwest Nigeria, a smaller part of Benin Republic, and still a smaller part of Togo Republic (West Africa) 

Image courtesy of Wikipedia 

The Ife people are the first Yoruba people who are ancient, highly advanced artistically and creatively, originally, and highly spiritual, and master agriculturalists. The Ife Kingdom and the king of Ife were regarded as sacred, and the Ife king’s position and ranking is next to the gods. Also, all Ife people were considered “untouchables.”

The Ife Dynasty is one of the three earliest founded surviving dynasties in the world, along with Japan (c.660 B.C.E.) and Rajasthan in India (c. 734 C.E.). Ife was the first and prosperous Yoruba kingdom that became an influential empire of Yorubaland and West Africa. During the centuries of Ife’s great wealth and influence, Ife did not have any significant military establishment. Traditions provide no account of external wars or military action, and the impression one gets is that, after the suppression of the Igbo-Igbo (the Igbo-Igbo considered themselves to be the “real Ife’s,” and would periodically kidnap Ife people) raids of Ife, the Ife people did not have to defend its interests with any major force. Small royal establishments held the toll posts on the main trade routes to provide security and collect the king’s toll. Beyond that, no military establishment was created or needed. Ife gradually became the exalted leader of Yorubaland, and this was accomplished not by use of arms, but by the influence of its commerce and the expansion of its enormous cultural heritage.

When other Yoruba kingdoms began to emerge, each of them acknowledged Ife as the head, and looked up to Ife as source of life and light rather than a rival. During the 15th century, Ife began to decline as power rivals such as the Great Benin (Edo) and Oyo (Yoruba) kingdoms emerged as economically, politically, and militarily stronger than Ife. On the authority of Dr. Walter Rodney, the states of Oyo and Great Benin became mature and powerful empires, and they both continued to prosper for a very long time after the arrival of Europeans to the West African coast. By the end of the 18th century, Ife was a small and weak kingdom in the heart of Yorubaland, but all other Yoruba kingdoms continued to regard it with awe.

By the 19th century, the Ife Kingdom was destroyed in war and lay in ruins, and the oracles warned gravely from all corners of Yorubaland that the Yoruba country would never know peace until Ife had been resettled and accorded respect and honor due to it. When the Ife Chiefs and their people were camped at the Isoya village, just outside the ruins of their kingdom. The chiefs stated the Ife people were “the fathers of all tribes,” and if the Ife’s continued to camp and were not able to resettle their kingdom, “the whole world would spoil, as they were the priests of the deities (Orishas) who ruled the world.” 

The early greatness of Ife did not have its root in the mysterious and mythical, but in the concatenation of advantageous earthly circumstances. 

The country of the Harappan People. The Indus Valley Civilization consisted of present-day Western India and Pakistan

Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons, via Avantiputra7

In the Indus Valley Civilization, there was no reference to war, and one might surmise that the society was peaceful, and was perhaps politically united and thus not at war with itself. Without powerful outside forces threatening or challenging the Harappan people, they were able to develop their peaceful civilization. The Harappans had no one to fight and no one to defend their country against. The Harappans’ city of Mohenjo-Daro was mysterious, and only little evidence of palaces, a few religious buildings, the citadel showed off its presence with walls, fortified gates, and towers. There were only a few weapons that were ever made in the city, and it seemed like the defenses the Harappans were targeting were mainly towards natural threats of annual floods of the Indus River.

All this paints a picture of a highly accomplished society and was very much ahead of its time in many respects. The Indus Valley was concerned with reproduction and fertility, and the longevity of the Indus Valley society and evidence of its continuity suggest a degree of entrenched conservatism, an environment of apparent wealth and peace, and plenty of it.  

Some kingdoms of Yorubaland had populations of 150,000 or more, and in the Indus Valley Civilization, the ancient city of Mohenjo-Daro had a population between 35,000 to more than 100,000 people. The populations of the cities and kingdoms of Yorubaland and the Indus Valley Civilization were extraordinary during the ancient world. The success of the ancient civilizations of Yorubaland in West Africa and the Indus Valley Civilization in South Asia is a testament to the Yorubas’ and Harappans’ resilience and industrious nature, which allowed them to accomplish astonishing feats during the ancient world.

The Wise & Righteous Civilizations of the Medieval and Ancient World

“The Yoruba believe, then, that theirs is the first race of humans, and that all human life and civilization originated in their country (Yorubaland).”

- Dr. Stephen Adebanji Akintoye

The Beginnings of Yoruba Spirituality: Orunmila (Ifa) of Yorubaland

Orunmila, the master diviner of the Ife Kingdom had one of the most luminous careers. He grew up in the Ife Kingdom as a great Babalawo, a priest of Ifa. According to traditions, Orunmila embarked upon a career of lifelong travel all over Yorubaland, practicing and teaching the very best of Ifa divination and mysteries, as well as spiritual development. In the process, he lived for a few years each in many places in Yorubaland, leaving his strong mark on religious and cultural life. In great old age, Orunmila returned to live his last days in the Ife Kingdom. Some traditions claim that he was then crowned king of the Ife Kingdom, but the preponderance of traditions negates that claim. But it is well known that he did wear a crown in his last days, a sort of sacred crown in honor of the god of divination.

After Orunmila’s death, he was deified by the Yoruba people and his name became a second name for “Ifa,” in all parts of Yorubaland. Stories about Orunmila constitute a significant body of stories in Yoruba folklore. Orunmila’s career was typical of men and women in a growing movement based in the Ife Kingdom, dedicated to the search for and dissemination of knowledge and enlightenment. It was people like Orunmila, who lived great earthly lives that created a movement, and this was one of the great gifts from the Ife Kingdom to Yorubaland. It was foundations such as these that solidified the Ife Kingdom’s image as “the place from which the sun rises” (that is, the source of light or enlightenment). 

At the heart of Ifa is divination, a meditating link between humanity and the spirit world. This unique spirituality, Ifa, is 8,000 years old. Ifa spirituality not only survived the European Transatlantic slave trade era, but thrived through the enslaved African people who survived and made it to the American continent. Ifa began to migrate to the United States of America, Cuba, Brazil, and Haiti. The Yoruba Orishas, or different aspects of God fulfill specific roles, like the role of Orunmila is being the Oracle that guides and helps humanity.  

“That the first Indians were blacks of Sundanese – Egyptian origin. These migrants initially settled in the Indus Valley between present day Pakistan and India. They created the first monumental civilization of Asia, which thrived to 2000 B.C. when Indo-European Aryan tribes began their invasions and precipitated a decline that end this civilization by 1300 B.C.”

- Dr. Rufus O. Jimerson 

The Beginnings of Buddhism: Siddhartha Gautama (“The Buddha”) of the Indus Valley Civilization

Siddhartha Gautama, also known as “The Buddha” is widely acknowledged as the founder of Buddhism in India more than 2,500 years ago, and he was a tribal chieftain with an Afro hairstyle. He lived during the 5th century BC. When the Buddha saw ordinary people dealing with hardships, this changed him. The Buddha envisioned giving up a life of riches to seek enlightenment. He found enlightenment while meditating under a Bohi tree. As a result, he would go on to spend the rest of his life teaching others about how to achieve this spiritual state.

The Buddha was an Enlightened Master from the Sakya Clan who preached the great principles of equality, liberty and fraternity. His teachings place a premium on attainment over having a supreme god or deity. The priority is to reach a state of inner peace and wisdom while embracing the concepts of Karma (the law of cause and effect) and reincarnation (the continuous cycle of rebirth). The Buddha transitioned to be with the ancestors around 483 BC. Upon his death, his followers began to organize a spiritual movement of his teachings which became the foundation of Buddhism.

Today, the Buddha’s teachings have amassed some 470 million followers. Buddhism is not just popular in India, because it spread to Thailand, China, Japan and many other countries.

Epilogue: The Ancient World in Antiquity: The Africa-India Connection (The Indus Valley Civilization)

“How a band of ‘Out of Africa’ migrants found their way to India, dealt with their evolutionary cousins and a range of environmental challenges, mastered new technology, made this land their own and became the largest modern human population on earth.” – Tony Joseph, author of The First Indians

The history of the African presence in ancient Asia spans more than 90,000 years and encompasses the largest single land mass on Earth, yet it remains one of the least documented aspects of the global African experience.

The mysterious fall of the Indus Valley Civilization was due to climate change, which first occurred around 2200 BCE. As a result, the great agricultural tracts produced no grain; inundated tracts produced no fish; and irrigated orchards produced neither wine nor syrup. Hunger followed starvation, and surpluses and trade declined. A second drought occurred from 1200 to 850 BCE to end remnants of the Great Indus Valley Civilization. Leading scholars, based on archaeological and linguistic evidence, have now concluded that there is no evidence that the dissolution of this beautiful and peaceful civilization was ended abruptly by the Aryan (white) invasion. This prosperous country of the Harappans was already declining when the relentless Aryan invasion swarmed the Indus Valley Civilization. Excavations of artifacts from the late 3rd millennium BC indicate that horse-riding invaders raided villages in Baluchistan to the west of the Indus. For the Harappans, the Aryan incursion had begun.

“The Rig Veda, ancient sacred hymns of India, tells of the fierce struggles between these Whites and Blacks for the mastery of India. It sings of Aryan deities who rushed furiously into battle against the Black foe. The hymns praise Indra, the White deity, for having killed fifty thousand Blacks, ‘piercing the citadel of the enemy’ and forcing the Blacks to run out in distress, leaving all their food and belongings.” – Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois

By 1800 BC more Aryan invaders from the Western Steppes followed suit. The Harappans tried to save their civilization from the Aryan invaders, because excavation from Mohenjo-Daro shows increased population density, which led to the Harappan people turning mansions into tenements where large rooms were divided into smaller ones. The Aryan conquest of the Indus Valley Civilization was not easy, because the Harappans amassed armies, some numbering 10,000 people, to battle the invaders. The Harappan resistance to Aryan conquest and colonization of their country resulted in a 1,000-year struggle for the supremacy of India and Pakistan. The Harappans were forced to flee from Aryan oppression, and they rebuilt their arts and sciences. Ultimately, many of the Harappans ended up settling in Central and Southern India, which is where their descendants are concentrated during the modern era. Unfortunately, where the Aryans conquered, they enforced their Hindu caste system on the Dravido-Harappans, which is an early form of apartheid.

Most researchers during the modern era believe climate change was the key culprit for the fall of the Indus Valley Civilization, which was the world’s largest and earliest urban civilization nearly 4,000 years ago in present-day Western India and Pakistan.

“History is the restorer of truth. Like roots of the tree, it must feed that tree with the waters of knowledge.” - Dr. Calvin R. Robinson, Dr. Edward W. Robinson and Redman Battle, authors of The Journey of the Songhai People  

Let’s Move Forward to the Modern Era with the Yoruba and the Dravido-Harappan People

The Yoruba people were latecomers to the enforced transplantation of Africans as enslaved peoples across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas from their home country of Yorubaland. The European Transatlantic slave trade started in the 16th century, but hardly any Yoruba people were recorded in the trade until the 17th century, and these were very few. From about 1750, starting with the beginning of the troubles of the Great Oyo (Yoruba) Empire, the number of Yoruba people as enslaved peoples on slave ships began to increase. The Yoruba were taken to most regions of the Americas, like Central America, the Caribbean Islands and South America, but in the United States of America, various sizes of enslaved Yoruba people emerged in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Florida.  

Apartheid and Jim Crow Laws: South Africa, India & The United States of America

“South Africa’s Apartheid” made it legal for whites to oppress Black people in the Black’s own motherland in Africa (South Africa), and these laws had no theological sanction behind it, but “Indian Apartheid” in India, for instance, has religious sanction. India’s caste system is a unique institution, having no parallel in the world. It is a social, cultural and religious institution.

Across the Atlantic Ocean, African Americans experienced “Jim Crow Laws,” which is the European-American government's version of apartheid in the U.S. After the ancestors of African Americans were finally free from slavery as enslaved peoples in 1865, Jim Crow Laws began almost immediately in full effect. This European-American legal system was created to be stacked against African Americans. For example, in the Southern U.S., it was legal for African Americans to be put back into indentured servitude (i.e., slavery), their voting rights were taken away, these laws also controlled where Black Americans could live, where they could travel, and it was legal to seize African American children for labor purposes.

After slavery, African Americans were brutalized physically and spiritually. For instance, tens of thousands of the ancestors of African Americans were tortured and disemboweled or burned alive in lynchings by European-American bloodthirsty illegal mobs. Also, thousands of African Americans were lynched by bloodthirsty European-American legal mobs, better known as the police.

African American Military Valor Lost in the United States of America’s Memory Hole

“The Germans both feared and respected the Tuskegee Airmen, calling them ‘Schwartze Vogelmenschen’ (Black Birdmen). White U.S. bomber crews reverently referred to them as ‘The Redtail Angels’ because of the identifying red paint on their planes’ tails.” – Mindy White, Aviation History

The U.S. treated Nazi German prisoners-of-war better than it did its own heroic Black soldiers. Black American soldiers were humiliated after fighting valiantly for God and the U.S. against a ruthless enemy; to only return home to witness the same enemy, Nazi prisoners-of-war receive preferential treatment.

In the Vietnam war, African American’s were involved because they have fought in all of America’s wars. There were so many Blacks in combat duty in the Vietnam frontlines that it was called “SOULVILLE.” African Americans made up 20% of the elite military branches and 45% of the Rifle Platoon, suffered 23% of the war casualties, 7,261, while remaining only 11% of the U.S. population.

Victorious Black American soldiers and pilots returned home to the U.S. only to be treated as second class citizens because despite their heroism, they were still Black people. It didn’t matter that Black Americans laid their lives on the line for their country, and they did this for an oppressive White society that designed its infrastructure in such a way to prevent any Black person from enjoying the maximum successes their White counterparts were experiencing in the same society.  

“African-Americans and India’s Black Untouchables share a history of slavery and apartheid (segregation).” – V.T. Rajshekar

Image I (Left): R Bindu, a 39-year-old Dalit woman was working as a domestic help in Peroorkada, and she was mentally harassed after a family accused her of stealing a gold chain. Even after the missing jewelry, the gold chain was recovered from the complainant's house, and the police have not taken any action to quash the FIR lodged against her.

“They tortured me because I am a Dalit and Dark, they kept me in police custody for 20 hours and forced me to drink toilet water, these are the words of a Dalit woman who was framed by the police in a fake theft case, the incident took place at Peroorkada police station in Kerala.” – R Bindu (2025)

Kerala Police suspended Peroorkada SI for wrongful detention of a Dalit woman.

Image courtesy of The Dalit Voice

Image II (Right): Elizabeth Eckford, an icon of the desegregation struggle in the U.S. and part of the Little Rock Nine, on her first day of school in 1957. Even though the Supreme Court had declared that the segregation of students was illegal, in Arkansas many white students continued to resist the entrance of Black students at their schools.

Image courtesy of Bettmann/Getty Images

Peace and Respect to The Dalits: The Black Untouchables of India & African Americans: Africa’s Crown Jewel Lost in the United States of America

“I hope that He (God) hear their prayers ‘cause deep in their souls they believe. Someday he’ll put an end to all this misery that we have in ‘Soulsville.” – Isaac Hayes

Image I (Left): V.T. Rajshekar’s Dalit: The Black Untouchables of India

"Dalit,' a Hebrew word, comes out of the root word 'Dal' —meaning crushed, broken. It beautifully conveys our anger. This word, found in many native Indian languages, soon caught on, and after we launched Dalit Voice it became very popular. Today even the upper caste oppressors use the word Dalit to mean untouchables." - V.T. Rajshekar

Image II (Right): On the authority of The Journey of the Songhai People, by Dr. Calvin R. Robinson, Dr. Edward W. Robinson and Redman Battle, during the heart of the chattel enslavement of the ancestors of African Americans in the U.S., they worked from sunup to sundown for 10 generations without a payday for 300 years (i.e., payless captivity).

“The African-Americans also must know that their liberation struggle cannot be complete as long as their own blood-brothers and sisters living in far off Asia are suffering. It is true that African-Americans are also suffering, but our people (Dalits of India) here today are where African-Americans were two-hundred years ago. African Americans and India’s Black Untouchables are both the victims of racism. The only difference is that while the Blacks outside are victims of violence, we here are victims of non-violence. The Blacks outside have taken to armed struggle whereas our people don’t have even a razor blade to shave with. African-American leaders can give our struggle tremendous support by bringing forth knowledge of the existence of such a huge chunk of Asian Blacks to the notice of both the American Black masses and the Black masses who dwell within the African continent itself.” – V.T. Rajshekar

“Black Americans possess an inner strength and sensitivity that is unmatched. Once this power is aggressively and productively released, Black Americans and the WHOLE WORLD will have a new experience.” – Dr. Richard Williams, author of They Stole It But You Must Return It

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